Teaching :
( download PDF file )

In the spring of 2007 I am teaching two courses:

1) 1st part of the BA in History, Department of History. University of Southern Denmark; Area 4:

The History of the American Intelligence Community since the Second World War

2) Graduate Program, Middle East Studies, University of Southern Denmark, Elective Area 1:

Establishing Order, Power, and Law in the United States and the Middle East

Scheduled reading for the two courses follows:

Syllabus: The History of the American Intelligence Community since the Second World War

12. februar:

Introduction to the problematics addressed in the course: In American usage, WWW no longer means World Wide Web, but rather What Went Wrong. This of course refers to the war in Iraq, with regard to which the simplest question concerns the whereabouts of Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction. Combined with certain failures and incompetencies in connection with the terrorist attacks on 9/11, this has led to a good deal of self-scrutiny, and a few reforms, in Washington. Condoleezza Rice has even compared this process with that which resulted from Pearl Harbor, an event which, after the Second World War, led to a radical restructuring of the institutions of American security policy, including the establishment of the National Security Council and the CIA. I include as attached documents two articles, one by Kenneth Pollack, which discusses developments leading up to the war in Iraq, and the other an interview with Pollack Bibliographical data are included. These articles constitute the reading for our first meeting.

26. februar:

Amerikansk efterretningstjenestes historie.
Læsestof: Lowenthal: Kap. 1, 2 og 3
Kan suppleres med Mark M. Lowenthal: U.S. Intelligence. Evolution and Anatomy (i kompendium) og Michael Warner (ed.): Central Intelligence: Origin and Evolution (i kompendium)

5. marts:

Organisation, temaer i efterretningstjenesten: Proces, indsamling, analyse, counterintelligence, covert action Læsestof: Lowenthal: Kap. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

12. marts

Efterretninger og det politiske system Læsestof: Lowenthal: Kap. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

19. marts

Efterretninger: teori og metode Læsestof: Russ Travers: "A Blueprint For Survival. The Coming Intelligence Failure", Studies In Intelligence Vol. 01 No. 1, 1997; Richard J. Kerr and Peter Dixon Davis: "Morning in Pacific Palisades. Ronald Reagan and the President's Daily Brief", Studies In Intelligence, Winter 1998-99; Rob Johnston: "Reducing Analytic Error. Integrating Methodologists into Teams of Substantive Experts", Studies In Intelligence, Vol 47 No. 1, 2003 (alle i kompendium)

26. marts

Efterretninger, civilisation og kultur Læsestof: Adda B. Bozeman: "Knowledge and Method in Comparative Intelligence Studies of Non-Western Societies", Roy Godson (ed.): Comparing Foreign Intelligence: The U.S., the U.S.S.R., the U.K., and the Third World (McLean, VA.: Pergaman-Brassey's International Defense Publicers Inc. 1988); Adda B. Bozeman: "Statecraft and Intelligence in the Non-Western World", Conflict, Vol. 6, no. 1 1985 (begge i kompendium)

2. april

Strategisk efterretningsteori 1 Læsestof: Shulsky og Schmitt Kan suppleres med Kent, master på sekretariatet

16. april

Strategisk efterretningsteori 2 Læsestof: Shulsky og Schmitt Kan suppleres med Kent, master på sekretariatet

23. april

USA's partisankrig i Afghanistan 1979-1992 Læsestof: Erslev Andersen (i kompendium) Kan suppleres med Steve Coll: Ghost Wars samt kildesamlingen om Afghanistan fra The National Security Archive, George Washington University: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/

30. april

Iran-Contra 1986-87 Læsestof: The Robert Gates File, The National Security Archive, George Washington University: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB208/index.htm

7. maj

11. september terrorismen 2001 Læsestof: Seymour Hersh: "What Went Wrong. The C.I.A. and the failure of American Intelligence", The New Yorker, 1 October 2001 (i kompendium) samt 9-11 Commission: http://www.9-11commission.gov/

14. maj

Irak-krigen 2003: Læsestof: Richard L. Russell: "Intelligence Failures", Policy Review, No. 123, February 2004; The Washington Post: "Tenet: Analysts Never Claimed Imminent Threat Before War", February 5, 2004; NIE - National Intelligence Estimate October 2002. Key Judgments. Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction; Stephen F. Hayes: "Case Closed. The U.S. government's secret memo detailing cooperation between Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden", The Weekly Standard, Vol. 009, Issue 11; Michael Isikoff & Mark Hosenball: "Case Decidedly Not Closed. The Defense Dept. Memo allegedly proving a link between Al Qaeda and Saddam does nothing of the sort", Newsweek Web Exclusive, November 19, 2003; Jeffrey Goldberg: "The Unknown. The C.I.A. and the Pentagon take another look at Al Qaeda and Iraq", The New Yorker, 2 October 2003; Seymour Hersh: "Selective Intelligence. Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?", The New Yorker, 5 May 2003 (alle i kompendium)

21. maj

Reform af efterretningstjenesten Læsestof: Lowenthal: kap. 14 Kan suppleres med 9-11 commission: http://www.9-11commission.gov/

Syllabus: Establishing Order, Power, and Law in the United States and the Middle East
Område 1 på Kandidatuddannelsen i Mellemøststudier Organisation

Forløbet varetages af lektor Lars Erslev Andersen, Ph.d. stipendiat Emily Hartz (Center for Etik og Ret) og Ph.d. stipendiat Søren Hove. Der påtænkes at invitere gæsteforelæsere.

Det arrangeres som 4 seminarer. Undervisningen vil hver gang være organiseret i to dages seminarer, der vil forløbe som følgende: Torsdage kl 10-17 (3 forelæsninger) og fredage kl. 10-13 (1 forelæsning + en fælles diskussion/gæsteforelæser

Course Subject

Since George H. W. Bush introduced the term of phrase 'the New World Order' in a September 11, 1990 speech to Congress, an overwhelming number of books and articles discussing this new Order within all kinds of contexts have been produced. However, very few systematic studies of the actual meaning of the concept of Order within societal and global contexts, and the varying historical interpretations of the concept, have been presented. Typically, the more genuinely systematic studies have been published before the notion of the New World Order was introduced as a paradigm after the Cold War. The best known and most influential studies are Eric Vogelin's five-volume work Order and History (1956-1987), Carl Schmitt's Der Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum, 1950 ( The Nomos of the Earth, 2003) and Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics, 1977. Based on an introduction to these three theories, the symposium will focus on the concept of Order in the study of international relations, with sustained reference to U.S. Middle Eastern policy. We suggest an approach which sees the concept of World order as reflecting an interpretation (theory) which transcends an understanding of international relations as relations between states or as a representation of international law. In our insistence on the concept of World Order we do not view international relations solely as the struggle for power between competing states or the consequences for the international system of the distribution of power between states; but rather, as suggested by Bull and, to some extent, by Schmitt, as a relationship between Order and anarchy in a more fundamental sense. This means that international relations must be viewed from a perspective of values, which considers interpretations of morality, freedom, justice, civilization and individuality in an understanding of the relationship between legality* and power/authority* on the national as well as the international level. It follows that World Order is not understood as a social contract or an international legal agreement, but as a set of underlying values in the order of a political and cultural community which constitutes the necessary precondition for the establishment of social contracts and international law. This means that any Order is determined by delimitation, which may be territorial or conceptual, and which constitutes the deciding factor in terms of how threats are interpreted and dealt with within a given Order: What and who belongs to the given Order; what threatens it; who and what is outside it, and how is that which is outside it dealt with? By placing emphasis on Order, the intention is to focus on levels below (transnational figures of identification) as well as above state level (the regional level, but also for instance conceptions of the Western, the Islamic and the Arab world), and to examine their significance in terms of the potential for political action of the state as well as in terms of regional relations, and, finally, the interaction between regional circumstances and non-governmental actors (al-Qaida, Hizbollah, The Muslim Brotherhood etc.). It is proposed that political Order may be studied at three levels: The level of life as it is actually conducted, meaning historical, sociological and cultural circumstances which constitute the horizon for the organization of society; the written Order, meaning the formalization of political Order in the form of law and justice; and the vision of the ideal Order, meaning the ideology, the constitutive narratives. Furthermore, the symposium proposes that the ongoing 'war on terror' can be understood as part of a struggle over the interpretation of Order, including World Order. The symposium thus aims to introduce and discuss theories concerning the relationship between Order, justice/legality* and authority/power*, as well as theories concerning the relationship between World Order, state and nation as an introduction to an examination of the current terrorism conflict. Based on the outlined theory, we will conduct an empirical, historical examination of the establishment of two very different Orders, namely the American Order from the Revolution and the Independence up to the establishment of the United States of America as a superpower, and the Middle Eastern Order which resulted from the peace treaties after the First World War. Finally, we will focus on the Islamic revolt against the American Order and the notion of a World Order based on liberal principles. The Islamic vision of Order, World Order, and the militant efforts of the rebellious organizations at fighting the American Order is considered in contrast with the war on terror, with a particular focus on U.S. legal practice in the treatment of terrorists (Guantanamo, the Patriot Act, renditions etc.).

Bøger der skal købes til faget: Carsten Selch Jensen (red).: "Retfærdig krig - om legitimering af krig og voldsudøvelse i historien" (Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2006)

Gerges, Fawaz A: The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. (Cambridge University Pres, 2005)

John Lewis Gaddis: Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge: Harward U.P. 2004)

Margaret MacMillan: Paris 1919. Da Den Store Krig sluttede (København: Borgen 2004)

Lars Erslev Andersen: Den Tabte Uskyld. Verdensorden. Værdikamp. Islamisme (Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2006)

Seminar 1 (1. og 2. februar): Teori - Introduktion til magt, ret og orden Forelæsninger: 1. Lars: Introduktion til fagets problemstilling og til teorier om begrebet orden. Relevans for studiet af Mellemøsten
2. Den internationale diskussion om en ny verdensorden og konsekvenser for USA's Mellemøstpolitik, herunder betydningen af 11. september terrorismen
3. Emily: Introduktion til forskellige teorier om undtagelseslovgivning I
4. Diskussion på holdet (1 time)
5. Emily: Introduktion til forskellige teorier om undtagelseslovgivning II
6. Gæsteforelæsning ved amanuensis Mikkel Thorup, Afdeling for Idehistorie, Aarhus Universitet

Litteratur:

Lars Erslev Andersen: "I frihedens navn - Krigen mod terror som den retfærdige krigs genkomst" i Carsten Selch Jensen (ed) Retfærdig krig (Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Odense 2006)

Kurt Villads Jensen: "Realiseret næstekærlighed. Teologi og politik bag korstogene" i Carsten Selch Jensen (ed) Retfærdig krig (Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Odense 2006)

Carsten Bach-Nielsen: "Den retfærdige krig og den europæiske nationalisme" " i Carsten Selch Jensen (ed) Retfærdig krig (Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Odense 2006)

Steffen Kjeldgaard: "Den retfærdige krig i reformationens århundrede" " i Carsten Selch Jensen (ed) Retfærdig krig (Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Odense 2006) (ca. 40 sider)

Carl Schmitt: The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York: Telos 2003), Part 1 pp 42-83.

Lars Erslev Andersen "Terrorisme og verdensorden. Ansatser til en hermeneutisk analyse" - kan downloades på http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/middle-east/workingpapers2.html?menu=Publikationer&lang=dk

Lars Erslev Andersen: Den Tabte Uskyld. Verdensorden. Værdikamp. Islamisme (Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2006)

Mark Tushnet [ed.], The Constitution in Wartime, Duke University Press, 2005 " Tushnet: "Emergencies and the idea of constitutionalism" (i kompendium)

A. V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Liberty Fund, 1982 (i kompendium)

Bejamin Constant, Political Writings, translated and ed. by Biancamaria Fontana, Cambridge University Press, 1988 (i kompendium)

Clinton Rositer, Constitutional Dictatorship, Harcourt, Brace & World,1963 (i kompendium)

John Locke side, Two Treatises of Government, Everyman, J. M. Dent, 1993 (i kompendium)

Oren Gross & Fionnula Ní Aoláin , Law in Times of Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (i kompendium)

Carl Schmitt, Politische Theologie, 8. udgave, Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin, 2004 (i kompendium)

Kilder:

Amerikanske højesteretssager (i kompendie)

Brest m.fl: Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases and Materials, Fifth Edition, Aspen Publishers, Inc. 2006

" Korematsu v. United States

Supplerende litteratur: N. J. Rengger: International relations, political theory and the problem of order (Routledge, London, 1999), 232 sider, uddrag

Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen: "Tilbage til 1914 - globalisering, terror og imperium". i: Politiske processer og strukturer i det 21. århundrede s. 31-74. Morten Kelstrup & Ove Kaj Pedersen & Ib Damgaard Pedersen (red.). Forlaget Politiske Studier, København 2004.

Oren Gross & Fionnula Ní Aoláin , Law in Times of Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 2006

Hedley Bull: The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia U.P. 1995), 328 sider

Seminar 2 (d. 15. og 16. marts): Etablering af den amerikanske orden Forelæsninger:

1. Lars: Etableringen af Amerikansk orden og amerikansk sikkerhedspolitisk teori fra George Washington til afviklingen af Den Kolde Krig
2. Emily: Guantanamo og diskussioner om norm og undtagelse I
3. Lars: The Neoconservative Turn. Sikkerhedspolitisk teori efter 9/11
4. Diskussion på holdet (1 time)
5. Emily: Guantanamo og diskussioner om norm og undtagelse II
6. Gæsteforelæsning: Carsten Bagge Lausten, lektor, Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet (bekræftet)

Litteratur:

John Lewis Gaddis: Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harward U.P. 2004). 94 ns

Francis Fukuyama: America at the Crossroads. Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy (New Haven: Yale U.P. 2006, "the Neoconservative Legacy", pp 12-65. (i kompendium)

Carl Schmitt: Partisanens teori (i kompendium)

Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, The University of Chicago Press, 2005 (i kompendium)

Bület Diken & Carsten Bagge, The Culture of Exception, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2005 (i kompendium)

Amy Kaplan, "Where is Guantanamo?" i American Quarterly, 2005, Vol. 57, No. 3 (i kompendium)

Fleur Johns, "Guantanamo Bay and the Anihilation of the Exception" i The European Journal of International Law, 2005, Vol. 16, No. 4, side 613-635 (i kompendium)

Kilder:
Lovstof (i kompendie)

" Joint Resolution of 18. september 2001, "Authorization for Use of Military Force"
" Detainee Treatment Act of December 18, 2005
" Bush military Order fra 13. november 2001: Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism

Amerikanske højesteretssager (i kompendie)

" Rasul v. George W. Bush (også i kompendie)

Supplerende litteratur: Robert Kagan: Dangerous Nation, (Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2006)

Mark S. Joy: American Expansionsionism 1783-1860 (London: Pearson 2003)

Anders Stephanson: Manifest Destiny. American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang 1995)

Arthur M. Schesinger, Jr.: War and the American Presidency (New York: 2004)

Seminar 3 (19. og 20. april): Versailles traktaten, Folkeforbundet og etablering af det Moderne Mellemøsten

Forelæsninger:

1. Søren: I. Verdenskrig og nedbrydelsen af det gamle Mellemøsten
2. Lars: Woodrow Wilson, Versailles og ideen om en ny verdensorden: nationernes selvbestemmelse, mandater, Folkefundet
3. Søren: Kampen om en ny mellemøstlig orden. Arabisk nationalisme, stat og samfund. Saudi-Arabien som case
4. Diskussion på holdet (1 time)
5. Lars: Demokrati og udvikling af stat og samfund i Mellemøsten. Regional versus verdensorden
6. Gæsteforelæsning: Morten Valbjørn, ekstern lektor, Center for Mellemøststudier, SDU og Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet



Litteratur:

D. K. Fieldhouse: Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958 (Oxford University Press) - som minimum kap 1, 2 samt konklusionen. (masterkopi kan lånes).

Lustick, Ian (1997): "The absence of Middle Eastern Great Powers: Political 'Backwardness' in historical perspective", International Organization, vol. 51, no 4 (i kompendiet).

Kostiner, Joseph & Teitelbaum, Joshua "State-formation and the Saudi Monarchy" i Kostiner 2000 (ed) "Middle East Monarchies". (2000) (i kompendiet).

Lars Erslev Andersen: Den Tabte Uskyld. Verdensorden. Værdikamp. Islamisme (Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag 2006), "Det demokratiske dilemma i det autoritære Mellemøsten", pp 90-117.

Margaret MacMillan: Paris 1919. Da Den Store Krig sluttede (København: Borgen 2004), Første del: Freden forberedes, Anden del: En ny verdensorden og pp 27-131 + Syvende del: Mellemøsten i flammer pp 373-483

Kilder: Versailletraktaten, Folkeforbundet, tekster om mandat-begrebet. Udleveres på seminaret.

Seminar 4 (d. 10. og 11. maj): Revolte mod den herskende orden - al-Qaida's politiske ideologi og utopi
Forelæsninger:

1. Lars: Salafismens idehistorie og USA's partisankrig i Afghanistan 1979-1992
2. Søren: Den globale jihad eller den nationale kamp
3. Emily: Diskussion af amerikanske terror-sager
4. Diskussion på holdet (1 time)
5. Fredag ved Søren og Emily: Opgave-vejledning og diskussion (gennemgang og diskussion af studerendes synopsis til opgaver)

Litteratur:

Osama Bin Laden: "Oh People of Islam", tale publiceret af As-Sahab 26. april 2006 (i kompendiet)

Fawas Gerges: The far Enemy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005) side 1-151.

Peter Bergen: The Osama bin Laden I know (Free Press, New York 2006) kapitlerne "the birth of Al Qaeda" og "Al Qaeda goes global" (i kompendiet).

Lars Erslev Andersen: "Fra amerikansk jihad til jihad mod Amerika USA's partisankrig i Afghanistan 1979 - 1992" (i kompendiet)

Kilder:

Lovstof (i kompendie)

" Joint Resolution of 18. september 2001, "Authorization for Use of Military Force"
" Detainee Treatment Act of December 18, 2005
" Military Commissions Act of October 17, 2006


Amerikanske højesteretssager (i kompendie)

Brest m.fl: Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases and Materials, Fifth Edition, Aspen Publishers, Inc. 2006

" Ex Parte Milligan
" Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
" Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
" Ex Parte Quirin "

Desuden sagerne:

" Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
" Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Brief for Respondents samt Memorandum on "Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees" fra sagens JOINT APPENDIX

FFI-kildesamlingen side 114-142
- Osama bin Ladens brev til Kong Fahd 1995
- Osama bin Laden krigserklæring 1996
- Osama bin Ladens jihad mod jøder og korsfarere 1998
(alle tre taler er i kompendiet)

Uddrag af Ayman Zawari: Knights under the Prophet's banner (2001) - udleveres til timerne.